Are Cognitive Biases on the Increase?
Behavioural Economics (http://bit.ly/SXzSN) no longer seems to be the hot topic it was for Market Research in 2010 or 2011. Maybe we've simply read too much about it too frequently, or maybe we feel in essence that it's telling us nothing new.
Today made me wonder if the broader Marketing Community is thinking differently: that those in Advertising, PR, Marketing, Communications are actually embracing the concepts of BE with energy.
I was playing around on Google's Play Store (http://bit.ly/yrtBJe) - which is what perhaps the brand is suggesting I should do - and downloaded a few free Apps. After the downloads, I was prompted with the following:
"Keep Shopping"
This brought me up short: shopping to me is always about spending money. I hadn't been "shopping" as far I was concerned. However, just reading the word "shopping" made me think twice - maybe even prompting me to think - maybe I should just consider downloading some music - after all, a single track of a favourite singer is hardly going to cost the world.
Was I being what is called "primed"?
I'm in the middle of reading Daniel Kahneman's remarkable book "Thinking, Fast and Slow" (http://amzn.to/kJTPvP). In the fourth chapter he describes the phenomenom of "priming" - the influencing of our behaviour through associative triggers which we are simply not aware of consciously.
He illustrates it by recounting experiments carried out by fellow psychologists.
One example: a group of students is asked to fashion four-word sentences from five-word scrambles. One group is given words associated with old age - "Florida, forgetful, bald, gray, wrinkle" - but not containing the words "old age". After completing this task, they are asked to walk down the corridor for the next test, and the speed with which they walk is measured. Compared to other control groups, the group who had been exposed to the words suggesting elderliness walked significantly more slowly to their next task.
In another experiment, a group of participants is exposed to money more or less subtly, ranging from a word-sort exercise with five money-related words to screen savers with dollar bills floating in water. Immediately after one such exposure, the test group is confronted with a student who deliberately drops pencils on the floor. Those exposed to the money stimuli participants pick up fewer pencils. Priming with money is demonstrated (vias this and other examples) to encourage individualism - the author avoids the term selfishness.
It's pretty scary stuff - but clearly well validated. As Mr. Kahneman says baldly: "The results are not made up, nor are they statistical flukes".
So - back to my original point: are we in Market Research spending less time than we should in thinking about the consequences of Behavioural Economics? Here's my take:
1. As more and more Decision Makers the world over become aware of the powerful findings of Behavioural Economics, they are more likely to test their potential impact.
I would hypothesise that the effects of priming in all sorts of communication are likely to increase.
Governments struggling to find effective strategies to counter increasing obesity levels, Brand Owners looking to stimulate trial, Advertisers looking to come up with more powerful creative brand stories with better test results - there's a whole host of people who will have a reason to experiment with priming effects.
Market Research should consider the likely impact of this potentially increased stress on subtle influencing strategies.
2. The way we go about understanding why people behave in a certain way needs to become increasingly sophisticated.
Just asking people "why do you say that?" will to me at least always have a role in the diagnostic process. However, it's probably not enough.
We need to add measures of derived understanding wherever timing and budgets allow - using choice based tasks, for example to derive utility values, comparing test and control samples to see how drivers of choice differ, embracing predictive analytics on however simple a level.
Whether it's qual or quant., just using one tool to answer the question "why" won't be a powerful approach.
3. Behavioural measures and observational techniques need to be part any form of serious diagnostic analysis.
Understanding why someone behaves in a particular way is never going to be an easy task - all behaviour is embedded in complicated, intermeshed networks: culture and context are strong drivers, as is peer group pressure.
Using as many data points as we can is the order of the day, as near to actual, point-in-time behaviour as we can manage. Ideally, this should include unobtrusive observation in real-life contexts over a period of time, subtle interaction, asking of clarifying questions, probing on apparent contradictions.
So rather than turning our backs on Behavioural Economics, and focussing on the next topic of the moment - such as Big Data - I'd say we'd be well advised to anticipate a surge in BE techniques in communications in many fields. We should be on our toes when it comes to responding adequately with our Insights toolkit.
Google wants me to keep shopping. I think perhaps it's better for me to keep thinking.
Curious, as ever, as to others' views.